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23 November 2019

Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug)

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Identity

Preferred Scientific Name
Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992
Preferred Common Name
papaya mealybug
International Common Names
English
marginal mealybug
Spanish
chinche harinosa de la fruta bomba
cochinilla de la papaya
cochinilla harinosa de la papaya
French
cochenille du papayer
EPPO code
PACOMA (Paracoccus marginatus)

Pictures

"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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Damaged papaya fruit
Paracoccus marginatus
Damaged papaya fruit
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Infested stalk
Paracoccus marginatus
Infested stalk
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Infested fruit
Paracoccus marginatus
Infested fruit
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Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug); one adult female (2.0-3.5 mm long), two ovisacs and three immatures on the stem of a red potato sprout.
Adults
Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug); one adult female (2.0-3.5 mm long), two ovisacs and three immatures on the stem of a red potato sprout.
©Peggy Greb/USDA Agricultural Research Service/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
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Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug); infestation with mature adult females, mostly covered over with ovisac material.
Infestation
Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug); infestation with mature adult females, mostly covered over with ovisac material.
©Jeffrey W. Lotz/Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
©CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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Distribution

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Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

HostFamilyHost statusReferences
Abelmoschus esculentus (okra)MalvaceaeUnknown
Lalitha et al. (2015)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Abrus precatorius (rosary pea)FabaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Abutilon indicum (country mallow)MalvaceaeUnknown
Kirsur et al. (2014)
Acacia (wattles)FabaceaeWild host 
Acacia leucophloea (white-barked Acacia)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Acalypha (Copperleaf)EuphorbiaceaeWild host 
Acalypha indica (Indian copperleaf)EuphorbiaceaeUnknown
Kirsur et al. (2014)
Lalitha et al. (2015)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Acalypha wilkesianaEuphorbiaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Achyranthes aspera (devil's horsewhip)AmaranthaceaeUnknown
Kirsur et al. (2014)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
AdeniumApocynaceaeOther 
Aerva javanicaChenopodiaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Ageratum conyzoides (billy goat weed)AsteraceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
AglaonemaAraceaeOther 
Ailanthus excelsaSimaroubaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Alpinia purpurata (red ginger)ZingiberaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Alstonia macrophylla (match-stick tree)ApocynaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Alternanthera sessilis (sessile joyweed)AmaranthaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Amaranthus viridis (slender amaranth)AmaranthaceaeUnknown
Kirsur et al. (2014)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Ambrosia psilostachya (perennial ragweed)AsteraceaeUnknown
Williams and Granara (1992)
Anacardium occidentale (cashew nut)AnacardiaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Ananas comosus (pineapple)BromeliaceaeOther
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Andrographis paniculataAcanthaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
AnnonaAnnonaceaeOther 
Annona muricata (soursop)AnnonaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Annona reticulata (bullock's heart)AnnonaceaeUnknown
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Annona squamosa (sugar apple)AnnonaceaeMain
Mendel et al. (2016)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Arachis hypogaea (groundnut)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit)MoraceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit)MoraceaeUnknown
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Averrhoa carambola (carambola)OxalidaceaeUnknown
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Azadirachta indica (neem tree)MeliaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Bauhinia purpurea (purple bauhinia)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Bernardia corensis Unknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Bidens (Burmarigold)AsteraceaeOther 
Bidens pilosa (blackjack)AsteraceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Boerhavia diffusa (red spiderling)NyctaginaceaeUnknown
Kirsur et al. (2014)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Boerhavia erecta Unknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)FabaceaeOther
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Calotropis gigantea (Yercum fibre)ApocynaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Capsicum annuum (bell pepper)SolanaceaeOther
Macharia et al. (2017)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
CaricaCaricaceaeUnknown
Williams and Granara (1992)
Carica papaya (pawpaw)CaricaceaeMain
Ahmed et al. (2015)
Macharia et al. (2017)
Williams and Granara (1992)
Sirisena et al. (2013)
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Lalitha et al. (2015)
Mendel et al. (2016)
Suresh et al. (2010)
Lyla and Philip (2010)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Cassia fistula (Indian laburnum)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Catharanthus roseus (Madagascar periwinkle)ApocynaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Ceiba pentandra (kapok)BombacaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
CelosiaAmaranthaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Celosia argentea (celosia)AmaranthaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Centella asiatica (Asiatic pennywort)ApiaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Cestrum nocturnum (night jessamine)SolanaceaeWild host
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Cheilocostus speciosus (crepe ginger)ZingiberaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
CitrusRutaceaeUnknown
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)RutaceaeOther 
Cleome viscosa (Asian spiderflower)CapparaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Clitoria ternatea (butterfly-pea)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Cocos nucifera (coconut)ArecaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Coffea (coffee)RubiaceaeMain 
Coleus forskohliiLamiaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Corchorus capsularis (white jute)TiliaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Crossandra undulifoliaAcanthaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Crotalaria juncea (sunn hemp)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
CrotonEuphorbiaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Croton bonplandianusEuphorbiaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Dahlia pinnata (garden dahlia)AsteraceaeOther 
Daphnopsis americana subsp. caribaea Unknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Datura (thorn-apple)SolanaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Datura metel (Hindu datura)SolanaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Duranta erecta (golden dewdrop)VerbenaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
DurioBombacaceaeUnknown
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Eclipta prostrata (eclipta)AsteraceaeUnknown
Kirsur et al. (2014)
ErythrinaFabaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
ErythrinaFabaceaeOther 
Erythrina variegata (Indian coral tree)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Eugenia uniflora (Surinam cherry)LithomyrtusOther 
Euphorbia (spurges)EuphorbiaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Euphorbia hirta (garden spurge)EuphorbiaceaeUnknown
Kirsur et al. (2014)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
FicusMoraceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
GardeniaRubiaceaeMain 
Gliricidia sepium (gliricidia)FabaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Glycine max (soyabean)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Gossypium (cotton)MalvaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Gossypium hirsutum (Bourbon cotton)MalvaceaeOther
Ahmed et al. (2015)
Dhobi et al. (2014)
Guazuma ulmifolia (bastard cedar)SterculiaceaeWild host 
Hamelia patensRubiaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Helianthus annuus (sunflower)AsteraceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
HeliconiaHeliconiaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Hevea brasiliensis (rubber)EuphorbiaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Hibiscus (rosemallows)MalvaceaeMain
Williams and Granara (1992)
Lalitha et al. (2015)
Sunil and Sangma (2015)
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Chinese rose)MalvaceaeMain
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Hibiscus sabdariffa (Roselle)MalvaceaeMain
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Ipomoea (morning glory)ConvolvulaceaeOther 
Ipomoea aquatica (swamp morning-glory)ConvolvulaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
IxoraRubiaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Ixora coccinea (flame-of-the-woods)RubiaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Jasminum (jasmine)OleaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
JatrophaEuphorbiaceaeUnknown
Suresh et al. (2010)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Jatropha curcas (jatropha)EuphorbiaceaeMain
Ahmed et al. (2015)
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Jatropha gossypiifolia (bellyache bush)EuphorbiaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Jatropha integerrima (peregrina)EuphorbiaceaeOther
Ahmed et al. (2015)
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Jatropha multifidaEuphorbiaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Jatropha podagrica (gout plant)EuphorbiaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Lablab purpureus (hyacinth bean)FabaceaeOther
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Lantana camara (lantana)VerbenaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Leucas aspera Unknown
Kirsur et al. (2014)
Ligustrum (privet)OleaceaeOther 
Luffa acutangula (angled luffa)CucurbitaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Macroptilium atropurpureum (siratro)FabaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Malpighia emarginataMalpighiaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Malpighia glabra (acerola)MalpighiaceaeWild host
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Malvaviscus arboreus (wax mallow)MalvaceaeWild host
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Mendel et al. (2016)
Mangifera indica (mango)AnacardiaceaeOther
Macharia et al. (2017)
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Manihot esculenta (cassava)EuphorbiaceaeMain
Ahmed et al. (2015)
Macharia et al. (2017)
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Williams and Granara (1992)
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Suresh et al. (2010)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Fanani et al. (2019)
Manilkara zapota (sapodilla)SapotaceaeUnknown
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Mentha arvensis (Corn mint)LamiaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Mimosa pigra (giant sensitive plant)FabaceaeWild host
Williams and Granara (1992)
Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Momordica charantia (bitter gourd)CucurbitaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Morinda citrifolia (Indian mulberry)RubiaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Morus (mulberrytree)MoraceaeOther
Lalitha et al. (2015)
Suresh et al. (2010)
Morus alba (mora)MoraceaeOther
Kirsur et al. (2014)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Morus nigra (black mulberry)MoraceaeUnknown
Ahmed et al. (2015)
Murraya koenigii (curry leaf tree)RutaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Musa (banana)MusaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Musa paradisiaca Unknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
MussaendaRubiaceaeOther 
Mussaenda frondosaRubiaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Nephelium lappaceum (rambutan)SapindaceaeUnknown
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Nerium oleander (oleander)ApocynaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)SolanaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Origanum majorana (sweet marjoram)LamiaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Pachystachys lutea (lollypops)AcanthaceaeWild host
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Parthenium hysterophorus (parthenium weed)AsteraceaeWild host
Williams and Granara (1992)
Kirsur et al. (2014)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Persea americana (avocado)LauraceaeMain 
Phaseolus (beans)FabaceaeOther 
Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)FabaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Phoenix dactylifera (date-palm)ArecaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Phyllanthus emblica (Indian gooseberry)EuphorbiaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Piper betle (betel pepper)PiperaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Piper longum (Indian long pepper)PiperaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Plumeria (frangipani)ApocynaceaeMain 
Plumeria albaApocynaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Suresh et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Plumeria rubra (red frangipani)ApocynaceaeUnknown
Ahmed et al. (2015)
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Polianthes tuberosa (tuberose)AgavaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Prosopis Unknown
Suresh et al. (2010)
Prosopis juliflora (mesquite)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Psidium guajava (guava)LithomyrtusOther
Macharia et al. (2017)
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Punica granatum (pomegranate)PunicaceaeOther
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Rauvolfia serpentina (snakewood)ApocynaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Rhynchosia minimaFabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Rosa (roses)RosaceaeOther
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
SaccharumPoaceaeUnknown
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Senna auriculata (tanner's cassia)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Senna multijuga (November shower)FabaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Sesamum indicum (sesame)PedaliaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Sesbania grandiflora (sesbania)FabaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
SidaMalvaceaeWild host
Williams and Granara (1992)
Lalitha et al. (2015)
Sida acuta (sida)MalvaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Solanum americanumSolanaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)SolanaceaeOther
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Solanum melongena (aubergine)SolanaceaeMain
Macharia et al. (2017)
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Lalitha et al. (2015)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Solanum nigrum (black nightshade)SolanaceaeOther 
Solanum torvum (turkey berry)SolanaceaeOther
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Solanum tuberosum (potato)SolanaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Solanum virginianumSolanaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Spathodea campanulata (African tulip tree)BignoniaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Spondias dulcis (otaheite apple)AnacardiaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Spondias pinnataAnacardiaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Tagetes erecta (Mexican marigold)AsteraceaeUnknown
Ahmed et al. (2015)
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Tamarindus indica (tamarind)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Tecoma stans (yellow bells)BignoniaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Tectona grandis (teak)LamiaceaeUnknown
Suresh et al. (2010)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Tephrosia purpurea (purple tephrosia)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Teramnus labialis (blue wiss)FabaceaeUnknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Terminalia catappa (Singapore almond)CombretaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Theobroma cacao (cocoa)MalvaceaeOther
Srinivasnaik et al. (2016)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Trianthema portulacastrum (horse purslane)AizoaceaeUnknown
Kirsur et al. (2014)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Tribulus terrestris (puncture vine)ZygophyllaceaeUnknown
Kirsur et al. (2014)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Tridax procumbens (coat buttons)AsteraceaeUnknown
Kirsur et al. (2014)
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Verbesina gigantea Unknown
Matile-Ferrero and Étienne (2006)
Vernonia cinereaAsteraceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Vicia faba (faba bean)FabaceaeUnknown
Mastoi et al. (2014)
Lalitha et al. (2015)
Vigna (cowpea)FabaceaeOther 
Vigna mungo (black gram)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Vigna radiata (mung bean)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Vigna unguiculata (cowpea)FabaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (asparagus bean)FabaceaeUnknown
Galanihe et al. (2010)
Withania somnifera (poisonous gooseberry)SolanaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Zinnia elegans (zinnia)AsteraceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
Ziziphus mauritiana (jujube)RhamnaceaeUnknown
Sakthivel et al. (2012)
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Symptoms

Heavy infestations by P. marginatus cause stunting and deformation of new growth, leaf yellowing, leaf curl and early fruit drop (Anon., 2000). Fruit may become completely covered by a layer of mealybugs and wax secretions (Miller et al., 1999), and papaya fruit tissue underneath the mealybug colonies becomes hard and bitter. Papaya, hibiscus and annona species are particularly badly affected.

List of Symptoms/Signs

Symptom or signLife stagesSign or diagnosisDisease stage
Plants/Fruit/abnormal shape   
Plants/Fruit/external feeding   
Plants/Fruit/honeydew or sooty mould   
Plants/Fruit/premature drop   
Plants/Fruit/reduced size   
Plants/Growing point/dieback   
Plants/Growing point/distortion   
Plants/Growing point/external feeding   
Plants/Inflorescence/distortion (non-graminaceous plants)   
Plants/Inflorescence/external feeding   
Plants/Inflorescence/fall or shedding   
Plants/Inflorescence/honeydew or sooty mould   
Plants/Inflorescence/twisting and distortion   
Plants/Leaves/abnormal forms   
Plants/Leaves/external feeding   
Plants/Leaves/honeydew or sooty mould   
Plants/Leaves/yellowed or dead   
Plants/Stems/dieback   
Plants/Stems/external feeding   
Plants/Stems/honeydew or sooty mould   
Plants/Stems/stunting or rosetting   
Plants/Stems/wilt   
Plants/Whole plant/distortion; rosetting   
Plants/Whole plant/early senescence   
Plants/Whole plant/external feeding   
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Prevention and Control

Where P. marginatus has been accidentally introduced outside its native range, there are good prospects for classical biological control using hymenopteran parasitoids originating from its area of origin in Central America (Pollard, 1999; Tanwar et al., 2010; Mastoi et al., 2018). In situations where ants are attending the mealybugs for their honeydew, control of the ants by the use of sticky bands on the trunk or branches, or by ant baits, may help enhance the effectiveness of natural enemies. Spacing or pruning trees to ensure their canopies do not touch will reduce the spread of mealybugs between trees.
A biological control programme developed by the USDA/APHIS has been successfully implemented against P. marginatus in Florida, the Caribbean Islands, South American countries, Guam, Palau, the Hawaiian Islands, Tinian in the Mariana Islands, India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia (Muniappan et al. 2006; Muniappan, 2009; Mastoi et al., 2018). Three parasitoid biological control agents have been identified (Anagyrus loecki, Pseudleptomastix mexicana and Acerophagus papayae) and are being reared by USDA in Puerto Rico in order to supply countries in need (Muniappan et al. 2006). 

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Published online: 23 November 2019

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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
Damaged papaya fruit
Paracoccus marginatus
Damaged papaya fruit
CABI
Infested stalk
Paracoccus marginatus
Infested stalk
CABI
Infested fruit
Paracoccus marginatus
Infested fruit
CABI
Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug); one adult female (2.0-3.5 mm long), two ovisacs and three immatures on the stem of a red potato sprout.
Adults
Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug); one adult female (2.0-3.5 mm long), two ovisacs and three immatures on the stem of a red potato sprout.
©Peggy Greb/USDA Agricultural Research Service/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug); infestation with mature adult females, mostly covered over with ovisac material.
Infestation
Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug); infestation with mature adult females, mostly covered over with ovisac material.
©Jeffrey W. Lotz/Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
©CABI
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI

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View figure
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
Damaged papaya fruitView figure
Paracoccus marginatus
Damaged papaya fruit
CABI
Infested stalkView figure
Paracoccus marginatus
Infested stalk
CABI
Infested fruitView figure
Paracoccus marginatus
Infested fruit
CABI
Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug); one adult female (2.0-3.5 mm long), two ovisacs and three immatures on the stem of a red potato sprout.View figure
Adults
Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug); one adult female (2.0-3.5 mm long), two ovisacs and three immatures on the stem of a red potato sprout.
©Peggy Greb/USDA Agricultural Research Service/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug); infestation with mature adult females, mostly covered over with ovisac material.View figure
Infestation
Paracoccus marginatus (papaya mealybug); infestation with mature adult females, mostly covered over with ovisac material.
©Jeffrey W. Lotz/Florida Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services/Bugwood.org - CC BY 3.0 US
View figure
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
View figure
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
View figure
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
View figure
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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View figure
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
View figure
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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View figure
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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View figure
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
©CABI
View figure
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
View figure
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
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View figure
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
View figure
"Papaya mealybug on a farm in Mombasa, Kenya"
CABI
Table 1
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