Skip the header
Open access
Technical Factsheet
Basic
4 October 2022

Armillaria limonea

0
0
0
0
Smart Citations
0
0
0
0
Citing PublicationsSupportingMentioningContrasting
View Citations

See how this article has been cited at scite.ai

scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.

Identity

Preferred Scientific Name
Armillaria limonea (G. Stevenson) Boesewinkel
Other Scientific Names
Agaricus melleus sensu Cooke
Armillaria mellea sensu Massee
Armillariella limonea G. Stevenson
Armillariella mellea sensu G. Stevenson
Local Common Names
New Zealand
harore

Pictures

Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies, on woody debris in native podocarp-hardwood forest. New Zealand.
Fruiting bodies
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies, on woody debris in native podocarp-hardwood forest. New Zealand.
©Ian Hood
Open in viewer
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies. (Note, pen is 14 cm long).
Fruitbodies
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies. (Note, pen is 14 cm long).
©Ian Hood
Open in viewer
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies.
Fruitbodies
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies.
©Ian Hood
Open in viewer
Armillaria limonea; fruiting bodies and habit. On a Tawa stump, and along buried roots, ca.20 feet (6m) between furthest fruiting bodies. Kahaioa State Forest, Mamaku Plateau ca.5 miles north of Hamurana, New Zealand.
Habit
Armillaria limonea; fruiting bodies and habit. On a Tawa stump, and along buried roots, ca.20 feet (6m) between furthest fruiting bodies. Kahaioa State Forest, Mamaku Plateau ca.5 miles north of Hamurana, New Zealand.
©Scion/New Zealand
Open in viewer
Shirley Kerr, bugwood.org
Armillaria limonea
Shirley Kerr, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Open in viewer
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Open in viewer
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Open in viewer
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Open in viewer
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Open in viewer
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Open in viewer

Distribution

Save map
Select a dataset
Map Legends
  • CABI Summary Records
Map Filters
Third party data sources:

We currently have no distribution data points recorded.

Host Plants and Other Plants Affected

HostHost statusReferences
Acacia melanoxylon (Australian blackwood)Unknown 
Agathis australis (kauri)Unknown 
Aristotelia serrataUnknown 
Beilschmiedia tawaUnknown 
Cedrus atlantica (Atlas cedar)Unknown 
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Port Orford cedar)Unknown 
Citrus sinensis (sweet orange)Unknown 
Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar)Unknown 
Cupressus macrocarpa (Monterey cypress)Unknown 
Dacrycarpus dacrydioides (white pine)Unknown 
Dacrydium cupressinumUnknown 
DeutziaUnknown 
Discaria toumatouUnknown 
Eucalyptus delegatensis (alpine ash)Unknown 
Eucalyptus regnans (mountain ash)Unknown 
Euonymus japonicus (Japanese spindle tree)Unknown 
Hedycarya arboreaUnknown 
Jacaranda mimosifolia (jacaranda)Unknown 
Knightia excelsaUnknown 
Larix decidua (common larch)Unknown 
Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch)Unknown 
Leycesteria formosaUnknown 
Liriodendron tulipifera (tuliptree)Unknown 
Lycium ferocissimum (African boxthorn)Unknown 
Malus domestica (apple)Unknown 
Manoao colensoiUnknown 
Metasequoia glyptostroboides (water fir)Unknown 
Metrosideros robustaUnknown 
NothofagusUnknown 
Nothofagus fusca (red beech)Unknown 
Nothofagus menziesiiUnknown 
Nothofagus solandriUnknown 
Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioidesUnknown 
Nothofagus truncataUnknown 
Olearia avicenniifoliaUnknown 
Paraserianthes lophantha (brush wattle)Unknown 
Persea americana (avocado)Unknown 
Phyllocladus alpinusUnknown 
Pinus caribaea (Caribbean pine)Unknown 
Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine)Unknown 
Pinus elliottii (slash pine)Unknown 
Pinus muricata (bishop pine)Unknown 
Pinus nigra ssp. laricioUnknown 
Pinus palustris (longleaf pine)Unknown 
Pinus patula (Mexican weeping pine)Unknown 
Pinus pinaster (maritime pine)Unknown 
Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine)Unknown 
Pinus radiata (radiata pine)Main 
Pinus strobus (eastern white pine)Unknown 
Pinus taeda (loblolly pine)Unknown 
Pittosporum crassifoliumUnknown 
Podocarpus totara (totara)Unknown 
Populus sp. (poplar)Unknown 
Prumnopitys taxifoliaUnknown 
Prunus armeniaca (apricot)Unknown 
Prunus persica (peach)Unknown 
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir)Unknown 
Pyrus communis (European pear)Unknown 
Rhododendron (Azalea)Unknown 
Ribes nigrum (blackcurrant)Unknown 
Ribes uva-crispa (gooseberry)Unknown 
Rubus idaeus (raspberry)Unknown 
Salix (willows)Unknown 
Salix alba var. vitellinaUnknown 
Salix fragilis (crack willow)Unknown 
Schefflera digitataUnknown 
Tecoma capensis (Cape honeysuckle)Unknown 
Thuja plicata (western redcedar)Unknown 
Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock)Unknown 
Vitis vinifera (grapevine)Unknown 
Weinmannia racemosa (maori)Unknown 
Open in viewer

Symptoms

As with other Armillaria species, plants infected by A. limonea suffer injury and death of tissues in the roots and root collar region, accompanied by resinosis or gummosis (depending on the host). Characteristic signs are black, shoelace-like rhizomorphs and white mycelial sheeting or ribbons beneath the bark. Younger plants wilt or show crown discoloration and retain dead foliage for a time if they are killed rapidly. Older trees may decline more slowly or, in the case of Pinus radiata, retain green foliage, to all intents and purposes appearing healthy, although infected at the root collar. Old, mature trees may develop butt rot.

List of Symptoms/Signs

Symptom or signLife stagesSign or diagnosis
Plants/Leaves/abnormal colours  
Plants/Leaves/wilting  
Plants/Leaves/yellowed or dead  
Plants/Roots/'dirty' roots  
Plants/Roots/fungal growth on surface  
Plants/Roots/reduced root system  
Plants/Roots/rot of wood  
Plants/Stems/gummosis or resinosis  
Plants/Stems/internal discoloration  
Plants/Stems/mycelium present  
Plants/Stems/rot  
Plants/Whole plant/discoloration  
Plants/Whole plant/dwarfing  
Plants/Whole plant/plant dead; dieback  
Plants/Whole plant/uprooted or toppled  
Plants/Whole plant/wilt  
Open in viewer

Prevention and Control

Cultural Control and Sanitary Measures

Field experiments have demonstrated the importance of the quality of the planting stock on sites known to be infested with A. novae-zelandiae and A. limonea. In a first rotation Pinusradiata stand on a site cleared of podocarp-hardwood forest in New Zealand mortality from the disease among newly planted seedlings was lower than among rooted cuttings (Klomp and Hong, 1985). However, with improved quality of P. radiata cuttings, the trend was reversed when a second rotation trial stand was established on the same site (Hood et al., 2006). In each case, better planting stock was at an advantage when exposed to Armillaria inoculum.

Physical/Mechanical Control

Removal of stumps and woody debris before planting is the most effective method of control of Armillaria root disease. However, this procedure has been applied only occasionally in forest plantations in New Zealand because benefits are not seen by forest managers to outweigh the initial expense, despite economic analyses to the contrary (Shaw and Calderon, 1977; MacKenzie, 1987; Self and MacKenzie, 1995). Unlike some other management options, stump extraction also benefits subsequent rotations by removing inoculum from the site, although its effects on soil quality (removal of topsoil, compaction) must also be considered. Soil cultivation without stump removal has a number of advantages e.g., improved planting efficiency and better establishment, but it is not clear if this procedure reduces disease levels.
In one study, removal of indigenous forest stumps reduced mortality among planted pine seedlings to 12-21% after 5 years, compared with 52% on the untreated site (Shaw and Calderon, 1977; van der Pas, 1981a). In another, similar trial, which included clearing debris into windrows after removing indigenous forest stumps, mortality after 4 years was 1% in treated and 23% in untreated plots (van der Pas and Hood, 1984). In a third trial, in a second rotation Pinus radiata pine plantation following Pinus ponderosa that had been planted on a cleared indigenous forest site and subsequently poison thinned, mortality was reduced after 5 years from 22% (untreated) to 5% (stumps removed) at one site and from 10% to less than 1% at another (Self and MacKenzie; 1995). After 8 years, non-lethal infection in the same trial was reduced from 67% to 31% of trees affected and from 85% to 10% of trees, in the respective sites. In all these studies no attempt was made to distinguish A. limonea from A. novae-zelandiae.

Biological Control

Isolates of Trichoderma fungi species have been tested for controlling Armillaria root disease in New Zealand. In one trial Pinusradiata seedling root systems were immersed in a selected Trichoderma slurry treatment before planting on an Armillaria-infested site. Mortality after 2 years was 6% of treated plants compared with 22% in the untreated controls (Cutler and Hill, 1994). Surviving treated plants were healthier. Certain basidiomycete fungi showing promise against A. novae-zelandiae and A. limonea in laboratory testing were not effective when inoculated into P. radiata thinning stumps in a field trial (Li and Hood, 1992; Hood et al., 2015). This work has not continued.

Chemical Control

Due to the variable regulations around (de-)registration of pesticides, we are for the moment not including any specific chemical control recommendations. For further information, we recommend you visit the following resources:
PAN pesticide database (www.pesticideinfo.org)
Your national pesticide guide

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

History

Published online: 4 October 2022

Language

English

Authors

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

VIEW ALL METRICS

SCITE_

0
0
0
0
Smart Citations
0
0
0
0
Citing PublicationsSupportingMentioningContrasting
View Citations

See how this article has been cited at scite.ai

scite shows how a scientific paper has been cited by providing the context of the citation, a classification describing whether it supports, mentions, or contrasts the cited claim, and a label indicating in which section the citation was made.

Citations

Export citation

Select the format you want to export the citations of this publication.

EXPORT CITATIONS

View Options

View options

Media

Figures

Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies, on woody debris in native podocarp-hardwood forest. New Zealand.
Fruiting bodies
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies, on woody debris in native podocarp-hardwood forest. New Zealand.
©Ian Hood
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies. (Note, pen is 14 cm long).
Fruitbodies
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies. (Note, pen is 14 cm long).
©Ian Hood
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies.
Fruitbodies
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies.
©Ian Hood
Armillaria limonea; fruiting bodies and habit. On a Tawa stump, and along buried roots, ca.20 feet (6m) between furthest fruiting bodies. Kahaioa State Forest, Mamaku Plateau ca.5 miles north of Hamurana, New Zealand.
Habit
Armillaria limonea; fruiting bodies and habit. On a Tawa stump, and along buried roots, ca.20 feet (6m) between furthest fruiting bodies. Kahaioa State Forest, Mamaku Plateau ca.5 miles north of Hamurana, New Zealand.
©Scion/New Zealand
Shirley Kerr, bugwood.org
Armillaria limonea
Shirley Kerr, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html

Other

Tables

Table 1
No caption available.
Table 2
No caption available.

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share on social media

References

References

Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies, on woody debris in native podocarp-hardwood forest. New Zealand.View figure
Fruiting bodies
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies, on woody debris in native podocarp-hardwood forest. New Zealand.
©Ian Hood
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies. (Note, pen is 14 cm long).View figure
Fruitbodies
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies. (Note, pen is 14 cm long).
©Ian Hood
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies.View figure
Fruitbodies
Armillaria limonea; fruitbodies.
©Ian Hood
Armillaria limonea; fruiting bodies and habit. On a Tawa stump, and along buried roots, ca.20 feet (6m) between furthest fruiting bodies. Kahaioa State Forest, Mamaku Plateau ca.5 miles north of Hamurana, New Zealand.View figure
Habit
Armillaria limonea; fruiting bodies and habit. On a Tawa stump, and along buried roots, ca.20 feet (6m) between furthest fruiting bodies. Kahaioa State Forest, Mamaku Plateau ca.5 miles north of Hamurana, New Zealand.
©Scion/New Zealand
Shirley Kerr, bugwood.orgView figure
Armillaria limonea
Shirley Kerr, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Clive Shirley, bugwood.orgView figure
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Clive Shirley, bugwood.orgView figure
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Clive Shirley, bugwood.orgView figure
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Clive Shirley, bugwood.orgView figure
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Clive Shirley, bugwood.orgView figure
Armillaria limonea
Clive Shirley, bugwood.org
Refer to Bugwood: http://www.bugwood.org/ImageUsage.html
Table 1
No caption available.
Table 2
No caption available.
Skip the navigation