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Pest Management Decision Guide
1 April 2017

Whiteflies on tomato.: Bemisia tabaci ;

Author: CABIAuthors Info & Affiliations
Pest Management Decision Guides
20177800767
https://doi.org/10.1079/pwkb.20177800767

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Pictures

Adults white fly of about 2 mm (Photo by I D. Bedford)
Yellow, leaf curling because of fly (Photo by Wang Dengjie)
A group of white flies under the leaf (Photo by Wang Dengjie)

Prevention

•
Remove tomato residues and volunteer tomatoes and bury or burn
•
Plant varieties which are resistant to whitefly and the viruses it can transmit, if available
•
Plant tomatoes 0.5-2 feet apart with at least 3 feet between rows
•
Use a shade net (size 400 µm) / tunnel for 3-5 weeks while in nursery to prevent attack by white flies
•
Transplant shortly after or during the rainy season
•
Use white/black inert plastic mulch 10-20 days after transplanting which attracts and kills white flies
•
Conserve natural enemies (wasps, ladybirds) by mulching or leaving a natural hedge of flowering plants (e.g. Tithonia, Lantana) along the edges to offer them refuge
•
Plant repellent crops such as coriander or Mexican marigold after 3-4 rows of tomato to repel the whiteflies
•
Keep the field weed-free throughout the cropping season since weeds act as alternate hosts and can harbour whitefly-transmitted viruses

Monitoring

•
Adult: A sucking insect, about 1 mm long. The body and wings are covered in a powdery, waxy secretion, white to slightly yellowish in colour
•
Larva: yellow-white scales, 0.3-0.6 mm long
•
Puparium: flat, irregular, oval shape, 0.7 mm long
•
After transplanting monitor weekly until harvest
•
Search for leaves with whitefly groups (they are mainly on underside of leaves). They will fly when you shake plants.
•
Yellowing, curling, crumpling of leaves occurs at heavy infestation.
•
Whiteflies can transmit viruses which cause virus disease. Leaves will have yellowish green mosaics
•
Action threshold level is 10-20 plants with symptoms and/or at least 20 whiteflies on at least 10-20 plants/acre

Direct Control

•
Use yellow sticky traps at about 1 per 5 plants.
•
Spray biopesticide Beauveria (check product labels for dosage and application timing). After 21 to 28 days, next application if needed. Another entomopathogenic fungi that white fly is suscptible too is Lecanicillium lecanii
•
Use hot pepper spray at rate of 30 chopped peppers in warm water. Soak for 1 day, dilute in 10 L water and add 20 drops of liquid soap before spraying
•
Spray Azadirachtin 0.03% (50 ml/20L water) 15 days after transplant
•
Use liquid soap spray at rate of 3 table spoons per litre of water
•
Conserve natural enemies. Several wasps, including species in the Encarsia and Eretmocerus genera, parasitize whiteflies. Whitefly nymphs are also preyed upon by bigeyed bugs, lacewing larvae, and ladybird larvae.
Crop Sprayer App

Indexing Terms

Descriptors

  1. arthropod pests
  2. azadirachtin
  3. biological control
  4. biological control agents
  5. botanical insecticides
  6. burning
  7. cassava
  8. control
  9. crop density
  10. cultivars
  11. cultural control
  12. disease control
  13. disease resistance
  14. disease vectors
  15. entomogenous fungi
  16. entomopathogens
  17. extension
  18. insect control
  19. insect pests
  20. insect repellents
  21. insecticides
  22. kale
  23. mangoes
  24. monitoring
  25. mulches
  26. mulching
  27. natural enemies
  28. nets
  29. okras
  30. parasites
  31. parasitoids
  32. pathogens
  33. pepper
  34. pest control
  35. pest management
  36. pest resistance
  37. pesticides
  38. pests
  39. plant density
  40. plant disease control
  41. plant diseases
  42. plant pathogens
  43. plant pests
  44. plant viruses
  45. predators
  46. predatory insects
  47. repellents
  48. rice
  49. soaps
  50. spacing
  51. sticky traps
  52. tobacco
  53. tomatoes
  54. traps
  55. varietal resistance
  56. varieties
  57. vector control
  58. vectors
  59. weed control
  60. weeds
  61. yellow sticky traps

Organism Descriptors

  1. Abelmoschus
  2. Abelmoschus esculentus
  3. Aleyrodidae
  4. Aphelinidae
  5. arthropods
  6. Beauveria
  7. Bemisia
  8. Bemisia tabaci
  9. Brassica
  10. Brassica oleracea
  11. Brassica oleracea var. viridis
  12. Capsicum
  13. Chrysopidae
  14. Coccinellidae
  15. Encarsia
  16. Eretmocerus
  17. fungi
  18. Geocoris
  19. Hymenoptera
  20. insects
  21. Mangifera
  22. Mangifera indica
  23. Manihot
  24. Manihot esculenta
  25. Nicotiana
  26. Nicotiana tabacum
  27. Oryza
  28. Oryza sativa
  29. plants
  30. Solanum
  31. Solanum lycopersicum
  32. viruses

Identifiers

  1. climate smart agriculture
  2. bhindi
  3. bigeyed bugs
  4. biocontrol agents
  5. biological control organisms
  6. cotton whitefly
  7. cultivated varieties
  8. entomopathogenic fungi
  9. fungus
  10. lacewings
  11. ladybirds
  12. ladybugs
  13. Lycopersicon esculentum
  14. okro
  15. paddy
  16. pest arthropods
  17. pest insects
  18. pest management decision guides
  19. phytopathogens
  20. predaceous insects
  21. predacious insects
  22. tapioca plant
  23. tobacco whitefly
  24. viruses of plants
  25. wasps
  26. whiteflies
  27. ladies fingers
  28. biocontrol
  29. flaming
  30. manioc
  31. resistance to disease
  32. advisory services
  33. extension activities
  34. collards
  35. mulching materials
  36. subsaharan Africa
  37. Abyssinia
  38. Bourkina Fasso
  39. Burma
  40. Ceylon
  41. Kampuchea
  42. Khmer Republic
  43. Nyasaland
  44. People's Republic of China
  45. Tanganyika
  46. Trinidad & Tobago
  47. Viet Nam
  48. Zaire

Geographical Locations

  1. Africa South of Sahara
  2. Ethiopia
  3. Burkina Faso
  4. Myanmar
  5. Sri Lanka
  6. Cambodia
  7. Malawi
  8. China
  9. Tanzania
  10. Trinidad and Tobago
  11. Vietnam
  12. Congo Democratic Republic
  13. Afghanistan
  14. Bangladesh
  15. Barbados
  16. Ghana
  17. Grenada
  18. India
  19. Jamaica
  20. Kenya
  21. Nepal
  22. Pakistan
  23. Rwanda
  24. Sierra Leone
  25. Thailand
  26. Uganda

Broader Terms

  1. Malvaceae
  2. Malvales
  3. eudicots
  4. angiosperms
  5. Spermatophyta
  6. plants
  7. eukaryotes
  8. Abelmoschus
  9. Aleyrodoidea
  10. Sternorrhyncha
  11. Hemiptera
  12. insects
  13. Hexapoda
  14. arthropods
  15. invertebrates
  16. animals
  17. Hymenoptera
  18. Cordycipitaceae
  19. Hypocreales
  20. Sordariomycetes
  21. Pezizomycotina
  22. Ascomycota
  23. fungi
  24. Aleyrodidae
  25. Bemisia
  26. Brassicaceae
  27. Brassicales
  28. Brassica
  29. Brassica oleracea
  30. Solanaceae
  31. Solanales
  32. Neuroptera
  33. Coleoptera
  34. Aphelinidae
  35. Geocoridae
  36. Heteroptera
  37. Anacardiaceae
  38. Sapindales
  39. Mangifera
  40. Euphorbiaceae
  41. Malpighiales
  42. Manihot
  43. Nicotiana
  44. Poaceae
  45. Poales
  46. commelinids
  47. monocotyledons
  48. Oryza
  49. Solanum
  50. Africa
  51. ACP Countries
  52. East Africa
  53. Africa South of Sahara
  54. Least Developed Countries
  55. low Human Development Index countries
  56. low income countries
  57. Francophone Africa
  58. West Africa
  59. ASEAN Countries
  60. lower-middle income countries
  61. medium Human Development Index countries
  62. South East Asia
  63. Asia
  64. Commonwealth of Nations
  65. high Human Development Index countries
  66. South Asia
  67. Indochina
  68. Anglophone Africa
  69. SADC Countries
  70. APEC countries
  71. East Asia
  72. upper-middle income countries
  73. Caribbean Community
  74. high income countries
  75. Lesser Antilles
  76. Antilles
  77. Caribbean
  78. America
  79. Central Africa
  80. Central Asia
  81. West Asia
  82. very high Human Development Index countries
  83. Windward Islands
  84. Greater Antilles

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

cover image PlantwisePlus Knowledge Bank
Pest Management Decision Guides
Pest Management Decision Guide: Green List

Applicable geographic locations

Afghanistan,  Africa,  Asia,  Bangladesh,  Barbados,  Cambodia,  China,  Ethiopia,  Ghana,  Grenada,  India,  Jamaica,  Kenya,  Malawi,  Myanmar,  Nepal,  North America,  Pakistan,  Rwanda,  Sierra Leone,  Sri Lanka,  Tanzania,  Thailand,  Trinidad and Tobago,  Uganda,  Vietnam

Copyright

© CABI 2017. This article is published under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)Published under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 licence

History

Issue publication date: 1 January 2017
Published online: 1 April 2017

Language

English

Authors

Affiliations

CABI
CABI Wallingford UK
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